The Major Developments in Tax Policy Steadily increasing globalization as well as the financial and economic crisis have brought major challenges for states in ensuring budgetary consolidation while maintaining sustainable economic growth. These developments have not only influenced political and economic discussions in the 21st century, but also raise new questions on the role of taxation in the economic policy environment. National taxation systems worldwide are subject to significant changes and it is assumed that they will develop in a more co-operative way in the near future. This book aims at identifying the major developments in tax policy in the 21st century on a national as well as on an international level and gives an in-depth analysis of the challenges and risks, but also of the opportunities connected to these developments. Ist covers numerous and discrete issues ranging from challenges in the VAT/GST area, the taxation of the financial sector, the fight against aggressive tax planning, tax abuse and tax evasion, tax integration within the EU, the development of transfer pricing rules, the increasing role of co-operative compliance and good governance and the changing tax policies of developing and newly industrialized countries. The contributions in this book build upon a legal comparison of the national tax systems in the relevant fields, propose tax policy solutions where required and give ideas on how to go forward.
Taxes fund the services provided by governments. The goal of tax policy is to design a tax system that produces the desired amount of revenue and balances the minimisation of compliance and efficiency costs with other objectives, such as equity, transparency, and administrability. This new book brings to light new issues and challenges in this field.
The Major Developments in Tax Policy Steadily increasing globalization as well as the financial and economic crisis have brought major challenges for states in ensuring budgetary consolidation while maintaining sustainable economic growth. These developments have not only influenced political and economic discussions in the 21st century, but also raise new questions on the role of taxation in the economic policy environment. National taxation systems worldwide are subject to significant changes and it is assumed that they will develop in a more co-operative way in the near future. This book aims at identifying the major developments in tax policy in the 21st century on a national as well as on an international level and gives an in-depth analysis of the challenges and risks, but also of the opportunities connected to these developments. Ist covers numerous and discrete issues ranging from challenges in the VAT/GST area, the taxation of the financial sector, the fight against aggressive tax planning, tax abuse and tax evasion, tax integration within the EU, the development of transfer pricing rules, the increasing role of co-operative compliance and good governance and the changing tax policies of developing and newly industrialized countries. The contributions in this book build upon a legal comparison of the national tax systems in the relevant fields, propose tax policy solutions where required and give ideas on how to go forward.
Series on International Taxation #81 The tax landscape today looks dramatically different from how it appeared even a generation ago. Ongoing sweeping changes in information technologies, massive economic downturns, unforeseen catastrophes such as the global pandemic that hit the world in 2020, and ever more sophisticated methods of tax evasion and avoidance are only some of the factors that have perplexed and even confounded tax authorities. This important book provides a comprehensive overview of the global tax challenges confronting tax policy today, with insightful contributions by both well-known tax experts and fresh new voices in the field. The authors address such critical issues as the following: international tax reform initiatives; effects of climate change; tax justice in times of crisis; international tax cooperation; taxing multinationals; role of tax havens; participation and collaboration of developing countries; the growing presence of artificial intelligence and robots; prospects for a green economic recovery; and tax ethics and social inclusiveness. The contributions originated with the groundbreaking tax summit TaxCOOP2020, held online at the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic in October 2020. At a time when tax policy seems poised at the dawn of a fundamental transformation, this inestimable volume will be welcomed by tax practitioners and academics, concerned government officials, businesspeople, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), all of whom will here have access to a variety of points of view and innovative approaches to the future direction of taxation.
With an accessible style and clear structure, Miranda Stewart explains how taxation finances government in the twenty-first century, exploring tax law in its historical, economic, and social context. Today, democratic tax states face an array of challenges, including the changing nature of work, the digitalisation and globalisation of the economy, and rebuilding after the fiscal crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. Stewart demonstrates the centrality of taxation for government budgets and explains key tax principles of equity, efficiency and administration. Presenting examples from a wide range of jurisdictions and international developments, Stewart shows how tax policy and law operate in our everyday lives, ranging from family and working life to taxing multinational enterprises in the global digital economy. Employing an interdisciplinary approach to the history and future of taxation law and policy, this is a valuable resource for legal scholars, practitioners and policy makers.
An in-depth analysis of the specific aspects of justice, equality and tax law "Justice, Equality and Tax Law" is a topic that is both old and new at the same time. Even if the society changes, the demands that tax needs to be just and equal seem to be immutable. What changes, of course, is the perception of the content of those demands. International taxation post-BEPS has been fraught with new challenges that warranted urgent responses. These challenges were mainly provoked by the unprecedented rise of the digital economy which truly marked a change in the way business is conducted, how value is created, and how goods and services are produced and consumed. Digitalization, in turn, had repercussions on all aspects of taxation - direct taxation, indirect taxation, and even tax procedures. For instance, the quest for more justice and equality in profit taxes was the reason why, in October 2021, a historical deal based on a two-pillar solution to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy was negotiated within the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting and agreed upon by 137 member countries. It was also the motive behind the shift from a typical vendor collection model to an intermediary collection model supported by centralized registration points in indirect taxes, notably the VAT/GST. Abundant data from the European Union or the OECD signalized an ever-increasing gap between expected VAT revenues and VAT actually collected, making it obvious that the classical system of VAT/GST collection was unable to respond to challenges posed by the digital economy. Therefore, new solutions based on the participation of digital platforms as intermediaries had been introduced. Finally, new technologies, such as blockchain, paved new avenues in enhancing tax compliance. In this context, this volume entitled "Justice, Equality, and Tax Law" contains not only a selection of the best master ́s theses of the full-time LL.M. programme in 2021/2022 but also represents an in-depth analysis of various aspects of this evergreen topic.
Praise for The Road to Prosperity "With clarity, verve, and polish, Pat Toomey brilliantly propounds the principles and practical policies needed to make America—and the world—prosperous again. Ronald Reagan, Adam Smith, and Milton Friedman would vigorously applaud what Pat has put forth here." —STEVE FORBES "While many talking heads are tripping over each other to write the political obituary for conservatives, Pat Toomey illustrates how the limited government movement has the best policy answers for the challenges of the twenty-first century. This is a must-read book for any serious student of the limited government movement." —DICK ARMEY, author of the Contract with America, former House Majority Leader, 1995–2003, and Chairman of FreedomWorks "Like Ronald Reagan, Pat Toomey has found a way to breathe common sense and economic truth into public policy. Rather than allowing his political views to color his economics, Pat Toomey looks for truth first and only then does he take a political stance." —Brian Wesbury, Chief Economist, First Trust Portfolios LP "Anyone who cares about the future of our economy and our country should read Pat Toomey's The Road to Prosperity. If we as Americans want to return to a pro-growth and prosperous future, we will need to embrace the free-market, freedom-driven policies laid out in this book." —CHRIS CHOCOLA, President, The Club for Growth
The federal policy changes that Congress and the President will have to make as we approach the 21st century will be among the most far-reaching since the enactment of the New Deal. The scope of legislation before policymakers as they continue their efforts to balance the budget will be vast and many of its elements very technical. This new, highly accessible book examines the nature of the challenges confronting policymakers, the options that are available to address these challenges, and the ramifications of the various options. This new book, which continues Brookings' highly acclaimed and influential Setting National Priorities series, will serve as a guide for understanding and evaluating proposals of the next Congress and the new administration. It is also designed to inform the policy debate during the presidential election. Edited by Robert Reischauer, one of the nation's most noted budget experts, the book covers such critical issues as prospects for economic growth, how to reduce domestic discretionary spending, how to restructure Medicare; how much to lower the safety net, how to reshape national security for the post-Cold War world, whether to transform the tax system, and how to prepare for the retirement of the baby boom generation. This book will be extremely useful for citizens anxious to make sense out of the campaign rhetoric, journalists attempting to explain the issues at play, and students of public policy, public health, political science, and economics. In addition to Reischauer, the contributors include Henry J. Aaron, Barry Bosworth, Gary Burtless, David Cutler, William G. Gale, Thomas E. Mann, Charles L. Schultze, John D. Steinbruner, R. Kent Weaver, and Joshua M. Wiener.
Recent developments in direct taxes and VAT/GST Taxes – in general – have become the topic of broad legal and policy discussions. VAT and GST are often said to be the fiscal success story of the 20th century, as almost all developed countries levy VAT or GST or similar all-encompassing broad-based consumption taxes. Global trends in direct taxes are visible at the level of international players, such as the OECD. Due to the OECD’s BEPS project, national tax systems are being significantly modified. This book aims at identifying and discussing the current global trends in both VAT/GST and direct taxes. In daily practice, VAT/GST and direct taxes should be regarded simultaneously. Therefore, the Master’s theses contained in this book deal with and highlight numerous issues, challenges and opportunities found in both direct taxes and in the VAT/GST area, ranging from nexus in direct taxes and VAT/GST, recent developments in certain policy areas, the definition of taxable persons, tax abuse, non-discrimination rules, charities, transfer pricing, European State aid, immovable property, share deals etc. While the construction of VAT/GST and direct taxes differs, both taxes have similarities. The contributions in this book make a legal comparison of the recent developments in direct taxes and VAT/GST in the relevant fields, provide an analysis of the similarities and differences of the two taxation systems and highlight global trends in taxation.
Tax by Design identifies what makes a good tax system for an open developed economy in the 21st century and suggests how the UK tax system could be reformed to move in that direction. The recommendations stress the importance of neutrality and transparency in tax design. It draws on the expert evidence from the commissioned chapters and commentaries in Dimensions of Tax Design. It also acknowledges the growing importance of globalised markets and multinational corporations as well as the challenges created by changing population demographics, the growth of new technologies, and the broadened objectives of policy makers. The Commission's work was directed by: Timothy Besley Richard Blundell Malcolm Gammie James Poterba The Commission's editorial team: Stuart Adam Stephen Bond Robert Chote Paul Johnson Gareth Myles
The power of a country to freely design its tax system is generally understood to be an integral feature of sovereignty. However, as an inevitable result of globalization and income mobility, one country’s exercise of tax sovereignty often overlaps, interferes with, or even impedes that of another. In this collection of essays, internationally respected practitioners and academics reveal how the OECD’s Base Erosion and Pro t Shifting (BEPS) initiative, although a major step in the right direction, is insuf cient to resolve the tax sovereignty paradox. Each contribution deals with different facets of a single topic: How tax sovereignty is shaped in a post ,BEPS world. The contributors provide in ,depth analysis of such relevant issues as the following: hy multilateral cooperation and soft law consensus are the preferred solutions to a loss of autonomy over national tax policy; – how digital commerce has upended traditional notions of source and residence; – why residence and source continue to be the two essential building blocks of tax sovereignty and the backbone of the international tax system; – how developing countries can take advantage of the new international tax architecture to ensure that their voices are truly shaping the standards; and – transfer pricing reform. Collectively, the authors provide an authoritative commentary on the necessary preconditions for exercising the power to tax in today’s world. Their perspectives and recommendations will prove of great value to all policymakers, legislators, practitioners, and academics in the international taxation arena.
